16 July 2019
New Earth Systems and Climate Change Hub research published last week in Nature Scientific Reports investigates whether bush fire conditions will become more dangerous across Australia in the future as the climate continues to change.
The research team developed new projections for future bushfire risk factors , that are now available throughout Australia. This includes projections of future changes in weather conditions near the land surface represented by the Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI, which is based on temperature, humidity, wind speed and rainfall), as well as changes at higher levels of the atmosphere represented by the C-Haines Index (based on atmospheric stability and moisture measures).
Bushfires have caused serious impacts to communities, assets and ecosystems in Australia and other regions of the world recently. Under the right conditions, heat and moisture generated by bushfires can create clouds and even thunderstorms. This is an example of a process called pyroconvection and in extreme cases it can lead to very dangerous bushfire conditions, such as occurred for Victoria’s Black Saturday fires of 2009 and the Canberra fires of 2003.
Earth Systems and Climate Change Hub researchers have previously used observational data to study the influence of climate change on past bushfire conditions as well as changing patterns of pyroconvection risk. This research showed a clear link between climate change and bushfire conditions over the past 67 years, with south-eastern Australia experiencing more days of pyroconvection risk over the past 40 years.
But will climate change continue to influence fire weather conditions across Australia? And if so, how?
To answer these questions, the new study provides the most thorough examination of changes to future Australia bushfire conditions to date. In particular, researchers used a multi-model approach to project future bush fire conditions based on increasing greenhouse gas emissions (high emission scenario – RCP8.5), with results mapped across Australia to allow for regional differences. The multi-model approach, which used both global climate models and higher resolution regional climate models, provides a broad sample of plausible future changes.
What does the study find?
The projections developed under this study show a clear trend towards more dangerous conditions for bushfires in Australia into the future (based on near-surface weather conditions), as well as increased pyroconvection risk factors at higher levels of the atmosphere for some regions of southern Australia.
Days of dangerous bush fire conditions are projected to increase across
almost all of Australia by 2070 under a high emissions pathway
Changes are shown for the number of days per year that the FFDI exceeds a threshold value, based on changes from the period 1990–2009 to the period 2060–2079. Results are presented for the number of days per year that FFDI is above 25 (Very High) for different data sets: (a) GCMs; (b) CCAM; and (c) WRF. Results are also presented for the number of days per year that FFDI is above its historical period 95th percentile for different data sets: (d) GCMs; (e) CCAM; and (f) WRF. Coloured regions represent locations where at least two thirds of the ensemble members for each modelling method agree of the sign of the change.
These findings highlight the impact that increasing greenhouse gas emissions will have on the occurrence of dangerous bush fire conditions in Australia into the future. Managers and decision makers from across sectors such as emergency management, forestry, urban planning, environmental systems, finance/insurance and energy will need to consider these types of climate risks now and into the future. This will help to ensure planning, management and decisions are informed by the most up-to-date science-based evidence, and that Australia remains resilient to the impacts of climate change.
This research was conducted by Hub researchers from Project 2.8 Extreme weather projections.